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The works of J. R. R. Tolkien have served as the inspiration to painters, musicians, film-makers and writers, to such an extent that Tolkien is sometimes seen as the "father" of the entire genre of high fantasy.〔.〕 The production of such derivative works is sometimes of doubtful legality, because Tolkien's published works will remain in copyright until 2043. The film, stage and merchandise rights of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'' are owned by Tolkien Enterprises, while the rights of ''The Silmarillion'' and other material remain with The J.R.R. Tolkien Estate Ltd. ==Art and illustration== The earliest illustrations of Tolkien's works were drawn by the author himself. In 1937, ''The Hobbit'' was first illustrated by professional draughtsmen for the American edition. Tolkien was very critical of these, and in 1946 he rejected illustrations by Horus Engels for the German edition of the ''Hobbit'' as "too 'Disnified'".〔7 December 1946, ''The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien: A Selection'', ed. Humphrey Carpenter, with the assistance of Christopher Tolkien (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981), no. 107〕 Milein Cosman illustrated ''Farmer Giles of Ham'' in 1948, and Tolkien was not happy with this work, either. In 1949, Cosman was replaced by Pauline Baynes, who became Tolkien's favourite illustrator and who created drawings for ''The Adventures of Tom Bombadil'' as well as for ''Farmer Giles of Ham''. In 1968, Tolkien was sent a number of a suite of illustrations of ''The Lord of the Rings'', mostly in coloured ink, by English artist Mary Fairburn; Tolkien said of her pictures: "They ... show far more attention to the text than any that have yet been submitted to me.... I am beginning to ... think that an illustrated edition might be a good thing." For various reasons the project went no further, and Fairburn's illustrations were unknown until 2012.〔Tankard, Paul, "An Unknown Vision of Middle-earth: Mary Fairburn: Tolkien Illustrator", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 14 September 2012. http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article1124297.ece〕 Crown Princess Margrethe (now Queen Margrethe II) of Denmark, an accomplished and critically acclaimed painter, was inspired to illustrations to ''The Lord of the Rings'' in the early 1970s. She sent them to Tolkien, who was struck by the similarity to the style of his own drawings. In 1977, Queen Margrethe's drawings were published in the Danish translation of the book, which was reissued in 2002, redrawn by the British artist Eric Fraser. Tim and Greg Hildebrandt were also well-known Tolkien illustrators during the first decades after the publication of ''The Lord of the Rings''. In the 1970s, British artist Jimmy Cauty created a best-selling poster of the Hobbit for the retailer Athena.〔Spencer, Neil, "A guerrilla raid on the arts establishment", ''The Guardian'' (Manchester) ISSN 0261-3077 , 31 October 1993, ''The Observer Review Page''.〕 Probably the widest-known Tolkien illustrators of the 1990s and 2000s are John Howe, Alan Lee, and Ted Nasmith — Alan Lee for illustrated editions of ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings'', Ted Nasmith for illustrated editions of ''The Silmarillion'', and John Howe for the cover artwork to several Tolkien publications. Howe and Lee were also involved in the creation of Peter Jackson's film trilogy as concept artists — Nasmith was also invited to take part in the films, but was forced to reluctantly decline due to a personal crisis at the time. In 2004, Lee won an Academy Award for Best Art Direction for his work on the film ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King''. Other artists who have found inspiration in Tolkien's works include Catherine Karina Chmiel, Inger Edelfeldt, Anke Eißmann, Roger Garland, Michael Hague, Tove Jansson (of Moomin fame, illustrator of Swedish and Finnish translations of ''The Hobbit''), Jay Johnstone, Paul Raymond Gregory, Tim Kirk, Angus McBride, Jef Murray, Kay Miner, Billy Mosig, Colleen Doran, Jenny Dolfen, Matěj Čadil and Peter Xavier Price. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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